English conjunctions and linking words

Conjunctions connect words, phrases and clauses. They allow us to express relationships between ideas and create longer, clearer sentences.

What is a conjunction?

A conjunction is a word used to connect words, phrases or clauses.

Common conjunctions include:

  • and
  • but
  • or
  • because
  • so
  • although
  • if
  • when
  • while
  • unless

Coordinating conjunctions

The main coordinating conjunctions are often remembered using FANBOYS:

  • for
  • and
  • nor
  • but
  • or
  • yet
  • so

Examples:

I wanted to go, but I was busy.

She studied hard, so she passed the examination.

Would you like tea or coffee?

Subordinating conjunctions

These introduce dependent clauses.

Examples include:

  • because
  • although
  • if
  • when
  • while
  • before
  • after
  • unless
  • since

Examples:

I stayed home because I was tired.

Although it was raining, we went outside.

If you study, you can improve.

Correlative conjunctions

These work in pairs.

Examples:

  • either…or
  • neither…nor
  • both…and
  • not only…but also

Examples:

You can choose either tea or coffee.

She speaks both English and Swahili.

Common mistakes

Incorrect: Although it was raining but we went out.

Correct: Although it was raining, we went out.

Or:

It was raining, but we went out.

Incorrect: Because I was tired, so I went home.

Correct: Because I was tired, I went home.